Nuevo stent laríngeo en el tratamiento de la estenosis subglótica en niños / A novel laryngeal stent in the treatment of subglottic stenosis in children

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[Vascular rings: airway obstruction in children. Case series]. / Anillos vasculares: obstrucción de vía aérea en niños. Serie de casos.

In children, extrinsic compression of the trachea is usually due to vascular origin, and less frequently caused by tumors, heart diseases, cysts and abscesses. Vascular rings are congenital anomalies of the aortic arch and its branches that compress the trachea and/or esophagus to varying degrees. Although these congenital anomalies are not frequent, they constitute a major cause of respiratory distress in children. Thus, these anomalies should be included in the differential diagnosis of obstruction of the upper airway. Symptoms include stridor, respiratory distress and dysphagia of different intensity. The high degree of clinical suspicion is the most important factor for diagnosis, fail to do so can cause a significant delay between symptom onset and correct diagnosis. We present four patients with different types of vascular rings in order to describe clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.

Anillos vasculares: obstrucción de vía aérea en niños. Serie de casos / Vascular rings: airway obstruction in children. Case series

En el niño, la compresión extrínseca de la tráquea es habitualmente de origen vascular, siendo menos frecuente la ocasionada por tumores, cardiopatías, quistes y abscesos. Los anillos vasculares son anomalías congénitas del arco aórtico y sus ramas que comprimen la tráquea o el esófago en grado variable. Son poco frecuentes, pero constituyen una causa importante de difcultad respiratoria en el niño, por lo que se deben incluir en el diagnóstico diferencial de la obstrucción de la vía aérea superior. Los síntomas de presentación son el estridor, la difcultad respiratoria y la disfagia de intensidad variable. El alto grado de sospecha clínica es el factor más importante para su diagnóstico, lo contrario, puede ocasionar un significativo retraso entre el inicio de los síntomas y el diagnóstico correcto. Presentamos cuatro pacientes con diferentes tipos de anillos vasculares con el objetivo de describir manifestaciones clínicas, métodos diagnósticos y tratamiento.(AU)

In children, extrinsic compression of the trachea is usually due to vascular origin, and less frequently caused by tumors, heart diseases, cysts and abscesses. Vascular rings are congenital anomalies of the aortic arch and its branches that compress the trachea and/or esophagus to varying degrees. Although these congenital anomalies are not frequent, they constitute a major cause of respiratory distress in children. Thus, these anomalies should be included in the differential diagnosis of obstruction of the upper airway. Symptoms include stridor, respiratory distress and dysphagia of different intensity. The high degree of clinical suspicion is the most important factor for diagnosis, fail to do so can cause a signifcant delay between symptom onset and correct diagnosis. We present four patients with different types of vascular rings in order to describe clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.(AU)

Anillos vasculares: obstrucción de vía aérea en niños. Serie de casos / Vascular rings: airway obstruction in children. Case series

En el niño, la compresión extrínseca de la tráquea es habitualmente de origen vascular, siendo menos frecuente la ocasionada por tumores, cardiopatías, quistes y abscesos. Los anillos vasculares son anomalías congénitas del arco aórtico y sus ramas que comprimen la tráquea o el esófago en grado variable. Son poco frecuentes, pero constituyen una causa importante de difcultad respiratoria en el niño, por lo que se deben incluir en el diagnóstico diferencial de la obstrucción de la vía aérea superior. Los síntomas de presentación son el estridor, la difcultad respiratoria y la disfagia de intensidad variable. El alto grado de sospecha clínica es el factor más importante para su diagnóstico, lo contrario, puede ocasionar un significativo retraso entre el inicio de los síntomas y el diagnóstico correcto. Presentamos cuatro pacientes con diferentes tipos de anillos vasculares con el objetivo de describir manifestaciones clínicas, métodos diagnósticos y tratamiento.

In children, extrinsic compression of the trachea is usually due to vascular origin, and less frequently caused by tumors, heart diseases, cysts and abscesses. Vascular rings are congenital anomalies of the aortic arch and its branches that compress the trachea and/or esophagus to varying degrees. Although these congenital anomalies are not frequent, they constitute a major cause of respiratory distress in children. Thus, these anomalies should be included in the differential diagnosis of obstruction of the upper airway. Symptoms include stridor, respiratory distress and dysphagia of different intensity. The high degree of clinical suspicion is the most important factor for diagnosis, fail to do so can cause a signifcant delay between symptom onset and correct diagnosis. We present four patients with different types of vascular rings in order to describe clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.

[Laryngeal cancer in children: case report]. / Cáncer de laringe en niños: Caso clínico.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx is very rare in children and adolescents. It is usually diagnosed at late stages because early symptoms are often attributed to the maturation process or other common laryngeal pediatric diseases. Early visualization of vocal cords with fexible laryngoscopy is important in children presenting suggestive symptoms of laryngeal pathology. Defnitive diagnosis of carcinoma is made by biopsy, and juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis the most important differential diagnosis. Treatment constitutes a clinical challenge. There are no established protocols, and clinicians should make a special effort to preserve the functions of the larynx, and avoid long term complications. We present a 12-years-old child with invasive laryngeal carcinoma, without prior history of juvenile papillomatosis or radiotherapy, which responded favorably to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Cáncer de laringe en niños: Caso clínico / Laryngeal cancer in children: Case report

El carcinoma escamoso de laringe es muy raro en niños y adolescentes. Suele ser diagnosticado en estadios tardíos debido a los síntomas iniciales, atribuidos al proceso madurativo laríngeo o a otras enfermedades pediátricas más comunes. La visualización temprana de las cuerdas vocales con laringoscopia fexible es importante en niños que se presentan con síntomas sugestivos de patología laríngea. El diagnóstico de certeza de carcinoma lo proporciona la biopsia y el diagnóstico diferencial principal es la papilomatosis laríngea juvenil. El tratamiento constituye un desafío. No existen protocolos establecidos y se debe realizar un esfuerzo especial para preservar las funciones de la laringe y evitar complicaciones a largo plazo. Presentamos un niño de 12 años con carcinoma laríngeo invasor, sin historia previa de papilomatosis juvenil ni radioterapia, que respondió favorablemente al tratamiento con quimioterapia y radioterapia.(AU)

Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx is very rare in children and adolescents. It is usually diagnosed at late stages because early symptoms are often attributed to the maturation process or other common laryngeal pediatric diseases. Early visualization of vocal cords with fexible laryngoscopy is important in children presenting suggestive symptoms of laryngeal pathology. Defnitive diagnosis of carcinoma is made by biopsy, and juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis the most important differential diagnosis. Treatment constitutes a clinical challenge. There are no established protocols, and clinicians should make a special effort to preserve the functions of the larynx, and avoid long term complications. We present a 12-years-old child with invasive laryngeal carcinoma, without prior history of juvenile papillomatosis or radiotherapy, which responded favorably to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.(AU)

Cáncer de laringe en niños: Caso clínico / Laryngeal cancer in children: Case report

El carcinoma escamoso de laringe es muy raro en niños y adolescentes. Suele ser diagnosticado en estadios tardíos debido a los síntomas iniciales, atribuidos al proceso madurativo laríngeo o a otras enfermedades pediátricas más comunes. La visualización temprana de las cuerdas vocales con laringoscopia fexible es importante en niños que se presentan con síntomas sugestivos de patología laríngea. El diagnóstico de certeza de carcinoma lo proporciona la biopsia y el diagnóstico diferencial principal es la papilomatosis laríngea juvenil. El tratamiento constituye un desafío. No existen protocolos establecidos y se debe realizar un esfuerzo especial para preservar las funciones de la laringe y evitar complicaciones a largo plazo. Presentamos un niño de 12 años con carcinoma laríngeo invasor, sin historia previa de papilomatosis juvenil ni radioterapia, que respondió favorablemente al tratamiento con quimioterapia y radioterapia.(AU)

Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx is very rare in children and adolescents. It is usually diagnosed at late stages because early symptoms are often attributed to the maturation process or other common laryngeal pediatric diseases. Early visualization of vocal cords with fexible laryngoscopy is important in children presenting suggestive symptoms of laryngeal pathology. Defnitive diagnosis of carcinoma is made by biopsy, and juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis the most important differential diagnosis. Treatment constitutes a clinical challenge. There are no established protocols, and clinicians should make a special effort to preserve the functions of the larynx, and avoid long term complications. We present a 12-years-old child with invasive laryngeal carcinoma, without prior history of juvenile papillomatosis or radiotherapy, which responded favorably to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.(AU)

Cáncer de laringe en niños: Caso clínico / Laryngeal cancer in children: Case report

El carcinoma escamoso de laringe es muy raro en niños y adolescentes. Suele ser diagnosticado en estadios tardíos debido a los síntomas iniciales, atribuidos al proceso madurativo laríngeo o a otras enfermedades pediátricas más comunes. La visualización temprana de las cuerdas vocales con laringoscopia fexible es importante en niños que se presentan con síntomas sugestivos de patología laríngea. El diagnóstico de certeza de carcinoma lo proporciona la biopsia y el diagnóstico diferencial principal es la papilomatosis laríngea juvenil. El tratamiento constituye un desafío. No existen protocolos establecidos y se debe realizar un esfuerzo especial para preservar las funciones de la laringe y evitar complicaciones a largo plazo. Presentamos un niño de 12 años con carcinoma laríngeo invasor, sin historia previa de papilomatosis juvenil ni radioterapia, que respondió favorablemente al tratamiento con quimioterapia y radioterapia.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx is very rare in children and adolescents. It is usually diagnosed at late stages because early symptoms are often attributed to the maturation process or other common laryngeal pediatric diseases. Early visualization of vocal cords with fexible laryngoscopy is important in children presenting suggestive symptoms of laryngeal pathology. Defnitive diagnosis of carcinoma is made by biopsy, and juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis the most important differential diagnosis. Treatment constitutes a clinical challenge. There are no established protocols, and clinicians should make a special effort to preserve the functions of the larynx, and avoid long term complications. We present a 12-years-old child with invasive laryngeal carcinoma, without prior history of juvenile papillomatosis or radiotherapy, which responded favorably to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Obstrucción nasal congénita por atresia de coanas: serie de casos / Congenital nasal obstruction due to choanal atresia: case series

La obstrucción de las fosas nasales en el neonato es un cuadro potencialmente fatal por su respiración nasal obligada. Las causas congénitas más frecuentes son: atresia coanal, quiste dermoide, glioma y encefalocele. La atresia de coanas es la anomalía congénita nasal más común. Cuando es bilateral, se presenta con dificultad respiratoria desde el nacimiento. La atresia unilateral se manifiesta con insuficiencia ventilatoria y rinorrea unilateral, pudiendo pasar inadvertida. El diagnóstico se sospecha ante la ausencia de paso de aire en las fosas nasales y la imposibilidad de hacer progresar una sonda nasogástrica. Se confirma mediante examen endoscópico y tomografía computada. El tratamiento definitivo es quirúrgico, existiendo diferentes técnicas y vías de abordaje. Describimos nuestra experiencia con 7 pacientes que presentaron esta patología, exitosamente tratados mediante técnica endoscópica transnasal.(AU)

Obstrucción nasal congénita por atresia de coanas: serie de casos / Congenital nasal obstruction due to choanal atresia: case series

La obstrucción de las fosas nasales en el neonato es un cuadro potencialmente fatal por su respiración nasal obligada. Las causas congénitas más frecuentes son: atresia coanal, quiste dermoide, glioma y encefalocele. La atresia de coanas es la anomalía congénita nasal más común. Cuando es bilateral, se presenta con dificultad respiratoria desde el nacimiento. La atresia unilateral se manifiesta con insuficiencia ventilatoria y rinorrea unilateral, pudiendo pasar inadvertida. El diagnóstico se sospecha ante la ausencia de paso de aire en las fosas nasales y la imposibilidad de hacer progresar una sonda nasogástrica. Se confirma mediante examen endoscópico y tomografía computada. El tratamiento definitivo es quirúrgico, existiendo diferentes técnicas y vías de abordaje. Describimos nuestra experiencia con 7 pacientes que presentaron esta patología, exitosamente tratados mediante técnica endoscópica transnasal.(AU)

Obstrucción nasal congénita por atresia de coanas: serie de casos / Congenital nasal obstruction due to choanal atresia: case series

La obstrucción de las fosas nasales en el neonato es un cuadro potencialmente fatal por su respiración nasal obligada. Las causas congénitas más frecuentes son: atresia coanal, quiste dermoide, glioma y encefalocele. La atresia de coanas es la anomalía congénita nasal más común. Cuando es bilateral, se presenta con dificultad respiratoria desde el nacimiento. La atresia unilateral se manifiesta con insuficiencia ventilatoria y rinorrea unilateral, pudiendo pasar inadvertida. El diagnóstico se sospecha ante la ausencia de paso de aire en las fosas nasales y la imposibilidad de hacer progresar una sonda nasogástrica. Se confirma mediante examen endoscópico y tomografía computada. El tratamiento definitivo es quirúrgico, existiendo diferentes técnicas y vías de abordaje. Describimos nuestra experiencia con 7 pacientes que presentaron esta patología, exitosamente tratados mediante técnica endoscópica transnasal.

[Congenital nasal obstruction due to choanal atresia: case series]. / Obstrucción nasal congénita por atresia de coanas: Serie de casos.

Nasal obstruction in neonates is a potential fatal condition because of their exclusive nasal breathing. The most common congenital causes include choanal atresia, dermoid cyst, glioma and encephalocele. Choanal atresia is the most common congenital nasal anomaly. When bilateral, it presents with respiratory distress at birth. Unilateral atresia is manifested by respiratory failure and unilateral rhinorrhea, and may go along unnoticed. Diagnosis is suspected in the absence of airfow in the nasal cavity and for the inability to advance a nasogastric tube. Diagnosis is confirmed by endoscopic examination and computed tomography. The definitive treatment is surgical, and there are different techniques and surgical approaches. We describe our experience with 7 patients with this disease, successfully treated by transnasal endoscopic technique.

Management of foreign bodies in the airway and oesophagus.

BACKGROUND: Ingestion and/or aspiration of foreign bodies (FB) are avoidable incidents. Children between 1 and 3 years are common victims for many reasons: exploration of the environment through the mouth, lack of molars which decreases their ability to properly chew food, lack of cognitive capacity to distinguish between edible and inedible objects, and tendency to distraction and to perform other activities, like playing, whilst eating. Most FBs are expelled spontaneously, but a significant percentage impacts the upper aerodigestive tract. Approximately 80% of children's choking episodes are evaluated by pediatricians. The symptoms of aspiration or ingestion of FBs can simulate different paediatric diseases such as asthma, croup or pneumonia, delaying the correct diagnosis. SYMPTOMS: There are three clinical phases both in aspiration and in ingestion of FBs: initial stage (first stage or impaction or FB) shows choking, gagging and paroxysms of coughing, obstruction of the airway (AW), occurring at the time of aspiration or ingestion. These signs calm down when the FB lodges and the reflexes grow weary (second stage or asymptomatic phase). Complications occur in the third stage (also defined as complications' phase), when the obstruction, erosion or infection cause pneumonia, atelectasis, abscess or fever (FB in AW), or dysphagia, mediastinum abscess, perforation or erosion and oesophagus (FB in the oesophagus). The first symptoms to receive medical care may actually represent a complication of impaction of FB. LOCATIONS AND MANAGEMENT: Determining the site of obstruction is important in managing the problem. The location of the FB depends on its characteristics and also on the position of the person at the time of aspiration. Determining the site of obstruction is important in managing the problem. Larynx and trachea have the lowest prevalence, except in children under 1year. They are linked with the most dangerous outcomes, complete obstruction or rupture. Bronchus is the preferred location in 80-90% of AW's cases. Esophageal FBs are twice more common than bronchial FBs, although most of these migrate to the stomach and do not require endoscopic removal. Diagnosis of FB proceeds following the traditional steps, with a particular stress on history and radiological findings as goal standards for the FB retrieval. The treatment of choice for AW's and esophageal FBs is endoscopic removal. Endoscopy should be carried out whenever the trained personnel are available, the instruments are checked, and when the techniques have been tested. The delay in the removal of FBs is potentially harmful. The communication between the endoscopist and the anaesthesiologist is essential before the procedure to establish the plan of action; full cooperation is important and improves the outcome of endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion and or aspiration of FB in children are multifactorial in their aetiology, in their broad spectrum of different resolutions for the same FB and in the response of each patient to the treatment. Prevention remains the best treatment, implying an increased education of parents on age-appropriate foods and household items, and strict industry standards regarding the dimensions of toy parts and their secure containers.

[Stertor in the newborn due to congenital nasal pyriform aperture estenosis: case series]. / Cornaje del recién nacido por estenosis congénita de la apertura piriforme: serie de casos.

Stertor is a noise generated by the disturbance of the air flow passing through the nose. Its main cause -in newborns and infants- is inflammatory or infectious rhinitis. Congenital, neoplastic, traumatic or iatrogenic causes are less frequent. Congenital stenosis of the pyriform aperture is a rare etiology of nasal obstruction in the neonates. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential because of their exclusive nasal breathing. Suspicion might arise when a difficulty or even an impossibility to pass a probe of 2.8 mm (K30 tube) through anterior nares, exists. Diagnosis should be confirmed by a computed tomography of the craniofacial massif. The therapeutic behavior will depend on the severity of symptoms. We describe our experience with nine patients with this condition whose surgical correction was successful.

Cornaje del recién nacido por estenosis congénita de la apertura piriforme: serie de casos / Stertor in the newborn due to congenital nasal pyriform aperture estenosis: case series

El cornaje es un ruido generado por la alteración del flujo de aire al pasar por las fosas nasales. La principal causa en recién nacidos y lactantes es la rinitis inflamatoria o infecciosa. Con menor frecuencia, puede ser de origen congénito, neoplásico, traumático o iatrogénico.La estenosis congénita de la apertura piriforme es una etiología infrecuente de obstrucción nasal en el neonato. El diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento apropiado son esenciales debido a surespiración nasal obligada. La dificultad o la imposibilidad de hacer progresar una sonda de 2,8 mm (sonda K30) a través de la región anterior de las fosas nasales, permiten sospecharla.El diagnóstico debe ser confirmado por una tomografía computada del macizo craneofacial. La conducta terapéutica dependerá de la gravedad de los síntomas.Describimos nuestra experiencia con 9 pacientes que presentaban esta patología cuya corrección quirúrgica fue exitosa.

Stertor is a noise generated by the disturbance of the air flow passing through the nose. Its main cause –in newborns and infants– is inflammatory or infectious rhinitis. Congenital,neoplastic, traumatic or iatrogenic causes are less frequent. Congenital stenosis of the pyriform aperture is a rare etiology of nasal obstruction in the neonates. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential because of their exclusive nasal breathing. Suspicion might arise when a difficulty or even an impossibility to pass a probe of 2.8 mm (K30 tube) through anterior nares, exists. Diagnosis should be confirmed by a computed tomography of the craniofacial massif. The therapeutic behavior will depend on the severity of symptoms. We describe our experience with nine patients with this conditionwhose surgical correction was successful.

[Surgical treatment of tracheal stenosis in pediatrics]. / Tratamiento quirúrgico de la estenosis traqueal en pediatría.

Twenty patients with tracheal stenosis were surgically treated between July 2005 and May 2008; ten patients had a congenital stenosis and ten an acquired one. Global survival was 85%. Three patients died: 1 with acquired stenosis and 2 with congenital stenosis. From 17 alive patients, 15 remain asymptomatic; 2 patients operated on due to congenital stenosis, are under continuous follow-up (both with stents placed in the trachea). Surgical treatment of acquired stenosis presents less severe complications, requires less ventilatory support and hospital stay. Conversely, congenital stenosis often requires more than one procedure to control the disease, and presents a higher mortality rate.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la estenosis traqueal en pediatría / Surgical treatment of tracheal stenosis in pediatrics

Veinte pacientes con estenosis de tráquea fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente entre julio de 2005y mayo de 2008, diez con estenosis congénita y diez de origen adquirido.La sobrevida global fue de 85 por ciento. Fallecieron tres pacientes, uno con estenosis adquirida y dos conestenosis congénita.De los diecisiete sobrevivientes, quince se encuentran asintomáticos; dos pacientes operados por estenosis congénita requieren controlesperiódicos (ambos con tutores endoluminales [stents] colocados).La estenosis traqueal adquirida presenta menos complicaciones, requiere menos asistencia respiratoria y menor estadía hospitalaria en el posoperatorio. Los pacientes con estenosis traquealcongénita necesitan, generalmente, másde un procedimiento terapéutico y presentan mayor mortalidad.(AU)

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la estenosis traqueal en pediatría / Surgical treatment of tracheal stenosis in pediatrics

Veinte pacientes con estenosis de tráquea fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente entre julio de 2005y mayo de 2008, diez con estenosis congénita y diez de origen adquirido.La sobrevida global fue de 85 por ciento. Fallecieron tres pacientes, uno con estenosis adquirida y dos conestenosis congénita.De los diecisiete sobrevivientes, quince se encuentran asintomáticos; dos pacientes operados por estenosis congénita requieren controlesperiódicos (ambos con tutores endoluminales [stents] colocados).La estenosis traqueal adquirida presenta menos complicaciones, requiere menos asistencia respiratoria y menor estadía hospitalaria en el posoperatorio. Los pacientes con estenosis traquealcongénita necesitan, generalmente, másde un procedimiento terapéutico y presentan mayor mortalidad.